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Abstract: The knowledge of linguistic affinity acquired by high school students attending extra classes or an elective course proves oftentimes superficial. However the students’ performance at the Russian language and linguistics olympiads depends on their ability to analyze and compare linguistic phenomena in the Russian language against those in cognate language systems. In order to systematize the knowledge of linguistic affinity and most profoundly explicate the concept to high school students we deem it necessary to refer to specific language pairs and analyze the most regular phonetic correspondences. This paper focuses on Polish as one of the languages the facts of which most frequently occur in the tasks of linguistic contests, the subject of the paper being the regular phonetic correspondences of the cognate language systems. The paper studies the phenomenon of polnoglasie / nepolnoglasie, yat reflex and vowel reduction as well as the results of monoftongisation of diphthongal combinations «vowel + nasal consonant» in modern Russian and Polish. Addressing these linguistic phenomena helps consolidate students' knowledge in the field of Russian historical grammar. The paper aims at analyzing the tasks of previous olympiads and presenting the most common solution algorithms. The findings presented in the article are supposed to be implemented in preparing schoolchildren for linguistics olympiads and teaching those who major in linguistics.